An orthopedic surgeon, or with the Latin spelling, orthopaedic surgeon, cares for the musculoskeletal system, treating injuries to the neck, back, pelvis, and limbs. These injuries may encompass bones, joints, tendons, cartilage, ligaments, disc herniations, tumors, amputations, birth defects, sprains, strains, ruptures, dislocations, fractures or contusions. Orthopedic surgeons also manage spine diseases such as deformity, degeneration, and tumors, and may have additional expertise in congenital abnormalities, spine lengthening procedures, and arthritis. Orthopedic surgeons treat patients with non-surgical and surgical intervention. Subspecialties include arthroscopy, sports medicine, joint replacement, foot and ankle, shoulder & elbow, hand, trauma, tumor, spine and rehabilitation. Surgical procedures include arthroscopy, joint replacement, osteotomy, fusion, soft tissue and cartilage repair, reconstruction transplantation and amputation.