Cardiac surgery is a surgery done to repair a heart defect, affecting either the heart or the great vessels. An incision is made either through the breastbone or on the side between the ribs for the surgeon to make the repair. Cardiac surgery is performed to treat complications of ischemic heart disease (as, coronary artery bypass grafting), correct congenital heart disease, or treat valvular heart disease created by various causes including endocarditis. It also includes heart transplantation.