Obstetrics is the medical discipline dealing with pregnancy and delivery, both vaginal and cesarean. It encompasses high risk conditions such as preeclampsia, gestational diabetes, twins and other multiple gestations, preterm labor, placental abruption, and many other medical and surgical problems. Gynecology deals with nonpregnancy-related conditions of girls and women, such as Pap smears, uterine and ovarian disease, birth control and sterilization, hysterectomy, laparoscopic operations, bladder repairs, female cancers, and so on. Most OB/GYNs work in both fields, although some decide to specialize in one or the other.